ABSTRACT
The tourism sector was among the most affected sector during the COVID-19 pandemic and has lost up to USD 5.87 billion potential revenue. Since many countries closed the borders, including Indonesia, by applying travel restrictions and thus tourists postponed their visits. Whereas vaccine distribution has shown good progress as the vaccination percentage in Jakarta and Bali has shown promising results since the majority of its population has been vaccinated, and it helps many industries, including tourism, recover. However, the pandemic might change tourist behavior. In addition, information about tourist destinations is spread poorly in various sources, and it psychologically affects tourists' decision to visit. Many works have been published to address this issue with the recommendation system. However, it does not provide geopolitical variables such as PPKM in Indonesia to ensure safeness for the tourist. Therefore, this research aims to enhance innovations in the tourism industry by considering the geopolitics factor into the system using Multiple Linear Regression. The result of this research demonstrates the effectiveness of geopolitics added variable on three different cities Jakarta, Java, and Bali. It can be implemented in a wide area in Indonesia. For further research, the proposed model can be used in a wide area in Indonesia and developed for a more comprehensive recommendation system. © 2022 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
The concept of open innovations has enjoyed significant popularity among both researchers and management practitioners for two decades, as evidenced by numerous research papers and case studies. The progressive development of the concept also applies to the tourism industry, which, faced with problems and changing expectations of tourists, needs to implement innovative solutions not only at the enterprise level, but taking into account all stakeholders of the tourist destination. The purpose of the article is to identify the opinions of tourism experts towards the prospect of knowledge sharing in open innovations and the differences in approaches to this issue. The results of the research are discussed in two comparative dimensions, dividing the experts into representatives of a specific tourist destination (Prague and Cracow) and representatives of the public and private sectors. Experts from two similar tourist destinations differ in their opinions, both in terms of the way they approach the implementation of the concept of open innovations in the city, as well as the scope of application of the implemented innovations. On the other hand, the differences in opinions of representatives representing the public and private sectors of the tourism industry coincide – although they do not resolve whether it should be a bottom-up or top-down initiative, they unequivocally indicate that the implementation of open innovations should involve all stakeholders in a tourism destination. The authors also put forward a proposal to create innovation exchange centers as part of the activities of Destination Management Organizations (DMOs), supported by the local administration of the tourist destination. © 2023 The Authors
ABSTRACT
This study presents the territorial differences in structure of functioning accommodation and food-and-beverage service providers by their distribution based on registered field of economic activity and financial data on the level of local governments within Bihor County that were classified into four potential destination types. Furthermore, the aim of the research is to identify the concentration of business activities based on their turnover in proportion to the population on the level of local governments using the Hoover-index method for the period of 2005–2020. Lastly, another aim is to examine the efficiency of these hospitality service providers using the Hoover index on their sales revenue in proportion to their labor force between 2005 and 2020. The time frame enabled the examination of the effects of two critical incidents: the financial crisis of 2008 and COVID-19, which impacted the activity of the examined firms in hospitality. As a result, both group of service providers showed a significant increase in number of entities, turnover, and average annual number of employees after 2014. That trend was intensively interrupted by COVID-19, which was not the case for the period of financial crisis. The significance of Oradea and Sânmartin were present as central areas regarding business activities of the examined fields, thus crucially influencing the trends of the county. In the case of territorial inequalities, the two categories showed differing trends, as in the case of efficiency, although lodging services proved to show higher territorial inequalities but better performance.
ABSTRACT
Ethiopia is the home of many tourist sites. Among these is Lalibela, one of the most famous and most visited World Heritage Sites. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the tourism industry was severely affected. Thus, the main objective of the study is to investigate the impacts and solutions for the prevalence of COVID-19 at the holy land of Lalibela, the World Heritage Site. The study followed descriptive research design. The target population of the study were the local communities, religious fathers, local tourist guides, culture and tourism experts and hotel workers. The research was conducted through non-probability sampling techniques. Convenience sampling and purposive sampling methods were used. The results illustrate that economic impacts, social impacts and psychological impacts were major issues that COVID-19 has caused for the Holy Land of Lalibela, the World Heritage Site. As per the findings, mechanisms to overcome the effects of COVID-19 on the community and the tourism sector include promotion, giving attention to sustainable follow up, developing new products, facing the challenges of seasonality and applying the rules and regulations approved by the World Health Organization. Thus, the tourism and hospitality stakeholders in the area need to strongly integrate and give attention to minimise the effect of COVID-19 on the tourism industry at Lalibela. © 2022 International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage.
ABSTRACT
As a rapidly evolving global pandemic, COVID-19 provides several opportunities for tourism researchers to study the resilience of the tourism industry from a socioecological system perspective. Pandemics are not new and, similar to other crises and disasters, can have lasting impacts on individuals, businesses, communities, and nations. This article offers ways to explore how COVID-19 could affect different aspects of tourism resilience, adopting a three-level approach (macro, meso, and micro). While recognizing that these three levels are not necessarily mutually exclusive, interactions between them can be a worthy area of research in itself. This article proposes a research agenda on COVID-19 and tourism system resilience and contributes to further understanding of scale of change (temporal and spatial), impacts, and resilience. The article identifies, for example, resilience of destinations, organizations, and tourists as important areas of future research in relation to the pandemic. However, theoretical advancements and managerial implications of such research should not be sacrificed at the expense of the opportunities that the context of COVID-19 presents. It is time for reset not only for the tourism industry but also for tourism researchers.
ABSTRACT
PurposeThis study identifies antecedents and consequences of destination brand engagement (DBE) that have redefined the tourists' behavior during the COVID-19 outbreak. Specifically, it assesses the impact of social media interaction and destination authenticity on DBE and DBE's effect on tourists' willingness to pay (WTP). Further, it examines the mediating role of affective attitude and the moderating role of perceived risk between the associations of DBE and WTP.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data were collected from 436 respondents through a structured questionnaire from selected tourism destinations in India. Structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) is employed to empirically examine the formulated hypotheses. Besides, hierarchical second-order confirmatory factor analysis is also deployed to analyze certain constructs as higher-order factors.FindingsSocial media interaction and destination authenticity elevate DBE, and DBE enhances affective attitude and WTP. Affective attitude mediates the relationship between DBE and WTP. Hence, the association between tourists' engagement and spending behavior becomes crucial under elevated affective attitude conditions. Finally, perceived risk during the pandemic dampens the association between DBE and WTP.Practical implicationsThe findings may provide newer insights to the tourism companies, marketers and policymakers to create targeted strategies to minimize the risk perception and improve engagement levels of the tourists, which can yield economic returns in the long run.Originality/valueBased on the cues from protection motivation theory (PMT), this study develops a DBE framework and identifies the factors affecting its sustenance in the pandemic hit tourism sector. Further, suggesting implications to ensure safety measures in the tourism industry that may assist in establishing economic resilience.
ABSTRACT
With the rise of user-generated content (UGC) and deep learning technology, more and more researchers construct and measure the tourism destination image (TDI) through online travelogues. However, due to the impact of COVID-19 prevention and control, the number of online travelogues has decreased significantly and, therefore, the scientific validity of the TDI based only on text or photos has been questioned. This research fills a gap by comparing the differences between visual and semantic images in terms of the overall image perception and image formation through natural language processing technology and image caption technology in obtaining TDIs, taking Tiantai County in Zhejiang Province of China as a case. Our results show that the texts and photographs shared major similarities in the overall TDI, but from the perspective of interest, they reflect differently. Therefore, when considering the data source selection for TDI research with a small number of travelogues, texts should be the main content, supplemented by photographs. © 2022 by the authors.
ABSTRACT
The tourism industry is a sector that continues to be developed by the Indonesian government. Especially during the current Covid 19 pandemic, tourism must be given a touch of differentiation to adapt to government regulations regarding the safety of tourism objects. The development of social media is essential in the world of tourism, where it can change the behaviour of tourists to enjoy tourism services. This study aims to understand the social media preference in tourist destinations so that tourism destinations can analyze social media marketing competitive strategy according to the target market. This study uses the MDS method and cluster analysis. This study collects data from 240 respondents. Respondents were asked to rate ten social media pairs where the social media observed were Instagram, YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, and Tik Tok. This research found that a perceptual map is essential to define consumer perceptions and preferences on social media.
ABSTRACT
According to the United Nations Population Fund (2020), half of the world's population live in cities, and the number is estimated to rise to 75% by 2050. Although urbanization is seen as a major challenge from a health point of view, the development of urban wellness tourism offering would ideally benefit both tourists and locals. The growth rate of wellness tourism during the years 2015–2017 was almost twice as fast as global economic growth. Holistic wellness refers to the balanced elements of body, mind and spirit. This study argues that many European city destinations could provide the holistic wellness elements to their visitors.Tourism destinations continue competing with each other in a globalised marketplace, even more post-Covid-19. As a result, cities will invest considerable resources in their marketing activities and place branding. By recognizing and highlighting wellness tourism offering in their marketing, some urban Destination Management Organisations (DMOs) could stand out in this growing competition and get their share of wellness tourism growth.This study examines, which elements contributing to holistic wellness are currently being displayed on the visit.com websites of selected urban DMOs (N = 32) in the European Union. This is done using qualitative content analysis methodology. The findings indicate that there are several European cities that already display elements of urban wellness in their marketing. The practical implication for the DMOs in question could be to actively start developing their place brands towards urban wellness tourism niche by highlighting the supply of urban wellness they already have, for example, at their visit.com sites.
ABSTRACT
Precise tourism estimates for tourism destination sites are crucial for decision-making. The objective of the study is to model and project Great Zimbabwe National Monuments (GZNM) tourist arrivals by combining hierarchical tourism forecasts. The approach improves tourism forecasting accuracy. GZNM monthly tourist arrivals are grouped according to tourism sources. A logarithm transformation is applied to tame the volatile data. Forecasting accuracy of the Simple Average Combination Method (SACM) and three hierarchical forecasting approaches (top-down, bottom-up, and optimal combination) were compared. The SACM under Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) outperformed the other models, according to Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) measure. SACM is used to combine future tourist arrivals for the following 60 months and show a slow increase in tourist arrivals at GZNM. The data used in modeling are outside the COVID-19 pandemic period. Tourism stakeholders are encouraged to adopt the SACM in future tourism projections as it improves forecasting accuracy. Tourism stakeholders could carefully strategise and plan a recovery and ensure improvement in the tourism sector beyond the COVID-19 pandemic period. The COVID-19 pandemic is significantly affecting the tourism industry, reducing tourist arrivals to zero in some cases. The study revealed a fresh line of inquiry into how combining projections can increase forecasting accuracy © 2022 AJHTL /Author(s)
ABSTRACT
This study examines the relationships between the precautionary measures taken for COVID-19 (PMC) at the destination and destination service quality (DSQ), destination brand equity (DBE), and tourists' behavioral intention, and it also investigates the moderating role of PMC between these variables. In addition, this study also examines whether the relationship between the variables is different for domestic and international visitors, as well as being first-time/repeat visitors. The quantitative research method was implemented to test research hypotheses, and it was exploited the survey for research data. Overall, 423 valid data were collected from tourists who came to the Turkey-Fethiye destination between July and October 2021. The structural equation model was established, and was tested the research hypotheses with the help of path analysis. The findings showed that the PMC had significant impacts on tourists' perceptions of DSQ, DBE, and their behavioral intention. On the other hand, while the DBE and behavioral intention are positively affected by DSQ, the PMC has a moderating role in the relationships between these variables. Finally, the empirical results provide theoretical and practical implications for destination managers for the development of safety measures in tourism services and the design of effective actions to gain a competitive advantage.
ABSTRACT
Con la crisis provocada por la COVID-19 el concepto de resiliencia ha ganado importancia en el sector turístico, uno de los más afectados. Esta pausa ha provocado que se plantee un cambio de modelo basado en la sostenibilidad donde el modelo de Destinos Turísticos Inteligentes (DTI) aparecen como los principales beneficiados de esta crisis, ya que consiguen superar el objetivo del crecimiento y tienen un enfoque de planificación y gestión directamente relacionado la sostenibilidad del sector turístico. En este trabajo se pretende, mediante el análisis de diversos indicadores, caracterizar la relación entre sostenibilidad y resiliencia, analizar la contribución del modelo DTI a la sostenibilidad, identificar su posibles limitaciones, e identificar nuevas posibilidades para hacer más resilientes los destinos. Evolucionar hacia destinos más inteligentes requiere más atención que no unos simples indicadores y la interrelación de diferentes dimensiones: ambiental, sociocultural,… que junto con la incorporación de los ODS 2030, nos lleve hacia un modelo más integrado y sostenible.Alternate :With the crisis caused by COVID-19, the concept of resilience has gained importance in the tourism sector, one of the most affected. This pause has provoked a change of model based on sustainability where the model of Smart Tourism Destinations (ITD) appear as the main beneficiaries of this crisis since they manage to overcome the objective of growth and have a planning and management approach contributing to the sustainability of the tourism sector and acting as a good example. This paper aims through the analysis of indicators to characterize the relationship between sustainability and resilience, to analyze the contribution of the DTI model to sustainability and its implications for becoming more resilient, as well as to identify limitations and identify new possibilities to make destinations more resilient. Evolving towards smarter destinations requires more attention than simple indicators and the interrelation of different dimensions: environmental, socio-cultural,... that together with the incorporation of the SDG 2030, will lead us towards a more integrated and sustainable model.
ABSTRACT
While the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the increasing popularity of rural and ethnic tourism, little research has examined what ethnic minority resources should be included as tourist attractions in their development stage. Building upon the seminal work of Leiper's tourist attraction system, this paper reveals what and how ethnic resources are selected and included in tour itineraries, in particular in rural areas where tourism development has started recently. The findings that are drawn from a field study, thematic interviews, and the analysis of government-endorsed promotional materials of Congjiang show that, apart from the intrinsic cultural value, the tour inclusion value that incorporates accessibility and the capacity of supporting facilities does not merely play the 'conditioning role' but instead becomes a prerequisite in an ethnic minority destination that is rurally situated.
ABSTRACT
Despite much previous research, gaps remain in our understanding of why satisfied tourists with positive destination images do not revisit favoured destinations. Recent research proposes sensory impressions as a complementary determinant of revisit intentions alongside destination image. This study initially compares how these two drivers influence changes in tourist behavioural loyalty over time, especially after the trip. Through a combination of a longitudinal field experiment and a survey, the studies found that a natural decline in willingness to revisit over time was largely associated with a fast fade-out of sensory impressions. Furthermore, we examined the effects on tourists with differing levels of experience, finding that for tourists who have visited several times, only sensory impressions play a significant role in willingness to revisit. Implications for tourism and hospitality industry recovery after the COVID-19 outbreak are outlined.
ABSTRACT
PurposeThe positioning of a tourism destination can easily change due to external uncontrolled factors, such as a pandemic. In this scene, the purpose of this study can be summerized in two main points: to investigate the main topics associated with a religious tourism destination (Vatican City) before and from the pandemic crisis, and to identify potential topics that could be highlighted to reposition this tourism destination more favorably. Design/methodology/approachThe information was extracted from Trip Advisor, specifically from the web Vatican City (7,152 reviews). This information was analyzed using text mining software applied to English text data. FindingsThe results show that the image of Vatican City has evolved, from a larger cultural, artistic and historical destination to a destination with a strong religious orientation, probably due to the growing influence of tourists and pilgrims in search of spiritual consolation in a global health crisis. New comments have emerged in the pandemic on topics such as Pope, Catholicism and love. Practical implicationsThe authors recommend repositioning this tourism destination under what they have dubbed the umbrella of the three "Rs": religion, renaissance and relaxation. Also, two outstanding attractions are frequently mentioned by tourists in this more spiritual scenario: Saint Peter's Basilica and Sistine Chapel. Originality/valueStudies about religious tourism are scarce, and those considering an urban city as a key religious tourism destination even more.
ABSTRACT
Improper waste disposal of tourists has detrimental impacts on the environment, economy, and people in rural destinations. Separating at the source is an effective means to mitigate these adverse impacts on rural destinations. Hence, identifying factors influencing tourists' waste sorting intentions in rural destinations is critical to the sustainability of rural tourism and rural land. However, few studies focus on tourists' waste sorting intentions. Drawing on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and social capital, this research examined the determinants of tourists' waste sorting intentions in rural destinations. A total of 395 valid questionnaires were collected from a rural destination in Huzhou, China. The results indicated that: (1) all TPB variables, i.e., attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, positively and directly affect tourists' waste sorting intentions; (2) interpersonal trust directly and positively influences tourists' waste sorting intentions; (3) subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, interpersonal trust, and emotional bonding indirectly influence tourists' waste sorting intentions through the mediation of attitude toward the behavior; (4) emotional bonding does not directly affect tourists' waste sorting intentions, but the link is established through the mediation of attitude toward the behavior. This research expands the body of knowledge by integrating individuals' psychological elements with their social contexts. The findings offer some theoretical and managerial implications for understanding how tourists' social contexts facilitate tourists' waste sorting intentions.
Subject(s)
Intention , Social Capital , Attitude , China , Humans , Rural PopulationABSTRACT
The paper argues that despite the widespread use of the term management in the context of tourism destinations, there is little actual management of tourism or tourists in most destinations. The paper uses the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) model (Butler 1980) as a lens through which to view some current issues and problems facing tourism destinations. It explores some of the basic elements of the TALC model including carrying capacity and triggers or forces bringing about change in destinations and argues that the reluctance of many stakeholders to adopt sustainable principles is reflected in current problems such as overtourism. Recognition of the often ignored political element in the sustainable triumvirate of economic, environmental and social components is important because without political support for appropriate initiatives has meant that efforts to move towards more sustainable destinations have often proved fruitless. The paper concludes that despite calls for new ways of defining success for tourism destinations and for drastically changing the nature and scale of tourism in the post-pandemic future, it is likely that tourism will resume, at least for the short to medium term, in a form very similar to what existed before the advent of COVID 19.Alternate : Se habla mucho de la gestión turístico más se ejerce poco. Se utiliza el modelo TALC (Butler 1980) como gran angular para explorar algunos de los temas problemáticos enfrentados por la mayoría de los destinos turísticos en la actualidad (pre-COVID). Se centra en algunos aspectos básicos del modelo TALC como son la capacidad de carga y otras fuerzas endógenas o externas desencadenantes de cambios determinantes en los destinos turísticos. Se argumenta asimismo que exista cierta reticencia por parte de muchos stakeholders, sobre todo los elementos políticos a la hora de gestionar para la sostenibilidad, hecho que aboca a muchos destinos al sobreturismo y a la pérdida de calidad de vida. Hace falta visibilizar el papel político como cuarta pata de la sostenibilidad, ya que, sin voluntad política, todo esfuerzo hacia la sostenibilidad termine fracasando. Hace falta asimismo redefinir la escala y la calidad del turismo ofrecido además de medir el éxito de un destino según parámetros muy distintos a los cuantitativos (números de turistas y cantidad bruta del gasto turístico) que se han utilizado en la época pre-pandémica: es decir, gestionar hacia la sostenibilidad y la seguridad, claves del éxito en el futuro post-COVID.Alternate : A gestão do turismo é muito falada mas pouco exercida. O modelo TALC (Butler 1980) é utilizado como um ângulo amplo para explorar algumas das questões problemáticas enfrentadas pela maioria dos destinos turísticos actuais (pré-COVID). Centra-se em alguns aspectos básicos do modelo TALC, tais como a capacidade de carga e outras forças endógenas ou externas que desencadeiam mudanças determinísticas nos destinos turísticos. Argumenta-se também que existe uma certa relutância por parte de muitos intervenientes, especialmente os elementos políticos, em gerir pela sustentabilidade, um facto que leva muitos destinos ao sobre-turismo e à perda de qualidade de vida. O papel político tem de se tornar visível como a quarta vertente da sustentabilidade, pois sem vontade política, qualquer esforço no sentido da sustentabilidade falhará. É também necessário redefinir a escala e a qualidade da oferta turística e medir o sucesso de um destino de acordo com parâmetros muito diferentes dos quantitativos (número de turistas e despesas turísticas brutas) utilizados na era pré-pandémica: por outras palavras, para gerir no sentido da sustentabilidade e da segurança, as chaves do sucesso no futuro pós-COVID.
ABSTRACT
In the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, millions of people experienced travel disruptions and tourism destinations felt the economic sting of low visitor numbers. Using online interviews, this study followed 29 surfers over the course of 6 months to explore their experiences of the pandemic as travelers and hosts within tourism destinations in the US, Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Australia, the Caribbean, and Latin America. It examines the effect of the pandemic on their travel plans, travel experiences, and tourism destinations where they lived. Many participants experienced travel disruptions and had to go through different decision-making and behavioral processes when they did travel. They also had conflicting feelings about decreased numbers of tourists at the beginning of the pandemic and when tourists began to return. The results have implications for travel companies to maintain flexible policies and the need to diversify coastal economies and possibly implement more separation between tourists and residents.
ABSTRACT
This study explores the relative importance of epistemic value, value for money and perceived safety in visitors’ evaluation of a foreign destination. Based on a sample of 248 international tourists who visited Zanzibar between July 2021 and January 2022, the study shows that the three factors are significantly associated with overall satisfaction, subsequently affecting the visitor’s willingness to recommend the destination. However, perceived safety and epistemic value also directly affect the willingness to recommend. Regarding importance, epistemic value is the most important antecedent of the willingness to recommend, while the value for money is the least important. The results imply that as destinations strive to attract international visitors following the pandemic, their marketing communications should emphasize epistemic value, overall satisfaction, and safety. © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
ABSTRACT
The Covid-19 pandemic had an unprecedented impact on the tourism industry. It is believed that the recovery of the sector goes through a strong investment in technologies that allow creating and managing tourists' perception of the virtual image of tourist destinations. This article proposes a discussion about the relevance of User Generated Content (UGC) to reveal the virtual image of a tourist destination, in order to contribute to the creation of a Smart Tourism Destination (STD). The virtual image is studied from the perspective of the public transport system due to the fact that its improvement is one of the objectives of the Tourism of Portugal strategic plan for the creation of a STD in the decade 2017 - 2027. The methodology used was qualitative, through a bibliographical research, in which the key factors of this theme were addressed. After the study carried out it was concluded that the exploration of UGCs can allow managers and regulatory and tourism promoting entities to extract a lot of interesting information about how to take better advantage of the technologies adopted to create value for tourists.